Outcome indicator

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Welcome » Learning in the age of digital interdepence » Techno Order (scope) » Model element » Assessment » Indicator » Outcome indicator

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Outcome indicators capture attainments, individual and collective, that reflect the status of realization of objectives intended by statutory or procedural instruments enacted in a given system.

Use and clarification in the context of International Human Rights Instruments

Outcome indicators capture attainments, individual and collective, that reflect the status of realization of human rights in a given context. It is not only a more direct measure of the realization of a human right but it also reflects the importance of the measure in the enjoyment of the right. Since it consolidates over time the impact of various underlying processes (that can be captured by one or more process indicators), an outcome indicator is often a slow-moving indicator, less sensitive to capturing momentary changes than a process indicator would be¹For example, life expectancy or mortality indicators could be a function of immunization of the population, education or public health awareness, as well as of availability of, and access of individuals to, adequate nutrition. It is therefore instructive to view the process and outcome indicators as “flow” and “stock” variables, respectively,² with a caveat that often more than one process may be responsible for the same outcome and on other occasions the same process may be impacting more than one outcome.

Source: Report on indicators for promoting and monitoring the implementation of human rights (United Nations, HRI/MC/2008/3, 6 June 2008).

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Process indicator

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Footnotes

1. There is some similarity in process and outcome indicators which comes from the fact that any process can either be measured in terms of the inputs going into a process or alternately in terms of the immediate outputs or outcomes that the process generates. Thus, a process indicator on the coverage of immunization among children can be measured in terms of the public resources or expenditure going into immunization programme (which is the input variant) or in terms of the proportion of children covered under the programme (which is an outcome or impact variant). In terms of the definition outlined in this note, both these indicators are process indicators. They contribute to lowering child mortality, which is an outcome indicator as it captures the consolidated impact of the immunization programme over a period of time and it can be more directly related to the realisation of the right to health attribute on the child mortality and health care. It is desirable that the process indicator be measured in terms of the physical milestone that it generates rather than in terms of the resources that go into the concerned process. This is because experience across countries and across regions within the same country reveals that there is no monotonic relationship between public expenditure and the physical outcome that such expenditure generates. The physical outcome is a function of resources and other institutional and non-institutional factors that vary from place to place and thereby make it difficult to interpret indicators on public expenditure. For instance, it is possible that a lower per capita public expenditure produces better outcomes in one region in comparison to another region within the same country.