Division 10 of Classification of the Functions of Government (COFOG):
Government outlays on social protection include expenditure on services and transfers provided to individual persons and households and expenditure on services provided on a collective basis. Expenditures on individual services and transfers are allocated to groups (10.1) through (10.7); expenditure on collective services are assigned to groups (10.8) and (10.9).
Collective social protection services are concerned with matters such as formulation and administration of government policy; formulation and enforcement of legislation and standards for providing social protection; and applied research and experimental development into social protection affairs and services.
The social protection functions and their definitions are based on the 1996 European System of integrated Social Protection Statistics (ESSPROS) of the Statistical Office of the European Communities (Eurostat). In ESSPROS, social protection includes health care, but this division does not include health care. Health care is covered by Division 07. Hence, medical goods and services provided to persons who receive the cash benefits and benefits in kind specified in groups (10.1)
The division includes these groups and classes:
- #cofog101 - Sickness and disability
- #cofog102 - Old age
- #cofog103 - Survivors
- #cofog104 - Family and children
- #cofog105 - Unemployment
- #cofog106 - Housing
- #cofog107 - Social exclusion n.e.c.
- #cofog108 - R&D Social protection
- #cofog109 - Social protection n.e.c.
Comment: In division 10, no amounts for D.3 and D.41 are expected. D.62 amounts are expected to be concentrated in division 10. D.1 and P.2 are expected to be small in comparison with D.62 and D.632 in division 10.
Analysis: Strengthening social protection is usually driven by a mix of economic, social, demographic, and political forces. In the ArchiMate Framework motivation view, consider these drivers grouped by :
- Demographic Drivers: These are long‑term structural shifts that put pressure on existing systems. They matter because more people depend on pensions and healthcare, fewer people contribute.
- Ageing population
- Declining birth rates
- Increased life expectancy
- Migration flows
- Changing family structures (more single‑parent households, smaller families)
- Economic Drivers: Economic conditions often expose gaps in social protection. This matters because traditional systems built around stable employment no longer cover everyone.
- Rising income inequality
- Labor market instability
- Growth of non‑standard work (gig economy, freelancers, platform workers)
- Economic crises or recessions
- Inflation and cost‑of‑living pressures
- Productivity stagnation
- Social Drivers: These relate to societal expectations and wellbeing. These drivers matter because citizens expect safety nets that match modern risks.
- Increased poverty or risk of poverty
- Social exclusion
- Demand for equal opportunities
- Public pressure for fairness and solidarity
- Mental health challenges
- Housing insecurity
- Technological Drivers: Technology changes both risks and opportunities. These drivers matter because social protection must adapt to new forms of employment and service delivery.
- Automation and job displacement
- Digital platforms creating new forms of work
- Need for digital access to services
- Cybersecurity risks affecting personal data and benefits delivery
- Environmental Drivers: Climate and environmental risks increasingly affect livelihoods. More people face climate‑related income shocks and health risks.
- Climate change impacts (floods, heatwaves, droughts)
- Natural disasters
- Transition to a green economy affecting certain sectors
- Political & Regulatory Drivers: Governments and institutions shape the direction of social protection. These drivers matter because policy choices determine the scope and ambition of reforms.
- EU policy frameworks (e.g., European Pillar of Social Rights)
- International commitments (ILO standards, UN SDGs)
- Public demand for reform
- Political will to reduce inequality
- Need for fiscal sustainability
- Health‑Related Drivers: Recent years have made painfully clear that health shocks expose vulnerabilities in income protection and healthcare access.
- Pandemics and public health crises
- Rising chronic diseases
- Pressure on healthcare systems
The backlinks below usually do not include the child and sibling items, nor the pages in the breadcrumbs.
- A data governance framework for digital social protection systems
- Barriers to economic growth
- Barriers to income equality
- Classification of the Functions of Government (COFOG)
- #cofog0471 - Distributive trades, storage and warehousing (CS)
- #cofog101 - Sickness and disability
- #cofog102 - Old age
- #cofog103 - Survivors
- #cofog104 - Family and children
- #cofog105 - Unemployment
- #cofog106 - Housing
- #cofog107 - Social exclusion n.e.c.
- #cofog108 - R&D Social protection
- #cofog109 - Social protection n.e.c.
- #COFOG hashtags
- Digital Convergence Initiative
- Institutional & Governance Fragmentation
- Lack of safety nets
- Life Event
- Parents
- Social Protection Authority
- Social Protection Management Information System (SP-MIS)
- Social Registry
- Societal architecture
- #tagcoding hashtags for COFOG 1999
- Tag pivot
- #USP2030 - The Global Partnership for Universal Social Protection
hashtags for goods, services and harms